Perfil de óbitos por dengue (2015-2023) em cidade paulista: desafios para a saúde pública / Dengue death profile (2015-2023) in a são paulo municipality: challenges for public health / Perfil de muertes por dengue (2015-2023) en una ciudad del interior del estado de são paulo: desafíos para la salud pública

O número de casos de dengue no continente americano, no primeiro semestre de 2023, superou o total de casos de 2022 e o Brasil lidera com 2,3 milhões de ocorrências da doença e 769 mortes. A dengue se expande no mundo e já é considerada endêmica em mais de 100 países. Este estudo objetiva caracterizar o perfil dos óbitos por dengue, no período de 2015 a 2023, em uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo. Este é um estudo transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo, com análise de dados secundários do Sistema Nacional de Notificação (Sinan), Sistema de Mortalidade (SIM) e banco de dados dos óbitos por dengue, do comitê de mortalidade da vigilância epidemiológica municipal. A capacidade das equipes de saúde em identificar os sinais e sintomas ocorreu em apenas 42,9% dos casos antes da internação e do óbito, seguida por no dia do óbito (11,7%) e após o óbito (8,8%). A mortalidade por dengue predominou em indivíduos do sexo masculino (51,4%), com idade mediana de 74 anos. A análise dos dados demonstrou que o manejo clínico da dengue ainda é desafiador para a equipe de saúde, que precisa se manter permanentemente capacitada para o reconhecimento dos sintomas, sinais de alarme e gravidade, para a correta condução de cada caso, visando a redução da mortalidade.

In the first half of 2023, the number of dengue cases in the Americas surpassed the total for 2022, with Brazil leading the list with 2.3 million disease occurrences and 769 deaths. Dengue is expanding globally and is already considered endemic in more than 100 countries. This study characterizes the profile of dengue deaths from 2015 to 2023 in a municipality of São Paulo. A cross-sectional, retrospective, and descriptive study was conducted with secondary data obtained from the National Notification System (SINAN), Mortality System (SIM), and dengue death database of the municipal epidemiological surveillance mortality committee. Only in 42.9% of cases were the health teams able to identify the signs and symptoms before hospitalization and death, followed by after death (8.8%) and on the day of death (11.7%). Dengue mortality predominated among male individuals (51.4%) with a median age of 74 years. Data analysis showed that the clinical management of dengue remains challenging for health teams, who needs continuous training to recognize the signs and symptoms, warning signs, and severity for correct management of each case, aiming to reduce mortality.

Los casos de dengue en las Américas superaron en el primer semestre de 2023 al total de casos de 2022, en el cual lidera Brasil con 2,3 millones de notificaciones de la enfermedad y 769 muertes. El dengue se expande por el mundo, y más de 100 países ya lo consideran una endemia. Este estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar el perfil de las muertes por dengue en el período de 2015 a 2023, en una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo. Se trata de un estudio transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo con análisis de datos secundarios del Sistema Nacional de Notificación (SINAN), del Sistema de Mortalidad (SIM) y de la Base de Datos de Muertes por Dengue del Comité de Mortalidad de la Vigilancia Epidemiológica Municipal. Los equipos de salud fueron capaces de identificar los signos y síntomas en solo el 42,9% de los casos antes de la hospitalización y de la muerte, seguida del día de la muerte (11,7%) y tras la muerte (8,8%). La mortalidad por dengue predominó en individuos del sexo masculino (51,4%) con una edad media de 74 años. El análisis de datos demostró que el manejo clínico del dengue sigue siendo un desafío para el equipo de salud, quien necesita mantenerse capacitado continuamente para detectar los signos y síntomas, señales de alarma y gravedad, para la correcta conducción de cada caso, con el objetivo de reducir la mortalidad.

Long-term outcomes for epidemic viral pneumonia survivors after discharge from the intensive care unit: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Objective To review the long-term outcomes (functional status and psychological sequelae) of survivors of critical illnesses due to epidemic viral pneumonia before the COVID-19 pandemic and to establish a benchmark for comparison of the COVID-19 long-term outcomes. Methods This systematic review of clinical studies reported the long-term outcomes in adults admitted to intensive care units who were diagnosed with viral epidemic pneumonia. An electronic search was performed using databases: MEDLINE®, Web of Science™, LILACS/IBECS, and EMBASE. Additionally, complementary searches were conducted on the reference lists of eligible studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The results were grouped into tables and textual descriptions. Results The final analysis included 15 studies from a total of 243 studies. This review included 771 patients with Influenza A, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. It analyzed the quality of life, functionality, lung function, mortality, rate of return to work, rehospitalization, and psychiatric symptoms. The follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 144 months. We found that the quality of life, functional capacity, and pulmonary function were below expected standards. Conclusion This review revealed great heterogeneity between studies attributed to different scales, follow-up time points, and methodologies. However, this systematic review identified negative long-term effects on patient outcomes. Given the possibility of future pandemics, it is essential to identify the long-term effects of viral pneumonia outbreaks. This review was not funded. Prospero database registration: (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) under registration ID CRD42021190296.

Investigação de surtos e epidemias: transformações na teoria, nos conceitos e nas práticas do século XVIII ao século XXI / Outbreaks and epidemics investigations: changes in theories, concepts, and practices from the 18th to the 21st century

Resumo Este ensaio objetiva discutir as investigações de surtos e epidemias, desde os primeiros relatos disponíveis na literatura científica do século XVIII até o momento atual, utilizando para sua construção artigos científicos e livros sobre a temática. O principal argumento desenvolvido é a passagem de abordagens qualitativas da epidemiologia, predominantes nos períodos iniciais, para a abordagem quantitativa, que inicialmente convive com a qualitativa, mas se torna dominante a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. Conclui-se com uma breve reflexão sobre o momento atual de enfrentamento da epidemia da covid-19.

Abstract This essay aims to discuss the investigation of outbreaks and epidemics, from the first reports available in scientific literature from the 18th century to the present time, using scientific articles and books on the subject for its construction. The main argument developed is the transition from qualitative approaches of epidemiology, which predominated in the early periods, to the quantitative approach, which initially coexists with the qualitative one but became dominant from the second half of the 19th century. It concludes with a brief reflection on the current moment of confronting the COVID-19 epidemic.

Evaluation of the quality of prenatal care in Colombia during the 2016 Zika outbreak in endemic and non-endemic areas

Objetive: To evaluate the quality of prenatal care during the outbreak of Zika virus infection in endemic and non-endemic vector-borne regions in Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study of prenatal care supplemented by interviews to explore personal experiences during the epidemic. A total of 40 pregnant women in endemic areas and 44 in nonendemic areas participated. Information collected included previous pregnancies, reasons for starting prenatal care, information about Zika, prenatal care (activities of doctors, nurses, laboratories, and images), and perceptions of quality. Then, 8 interviews were conducted with pregnant women diagnosed with Zika. Questioned about knowledge of Zika and the quality of medical care services. Results: Problems with laboratories and diagnostic images were found in both regions and dehumanizing treatment in the endemic region. Women from the endemic region received news and communications about the effects of Zika during pregnancy, causing anxiety and fear among some women. The quality of health care was not what the women expected and they thought they would receive more care from doctors and nurses. Discussion: Our findings show deficiencies in education provided in health institutions. The experience during prenatal control in the endemic regions was imprecise and the information came from other sources, different from the health sector. Adittionally, support and follow-up was deficient as well. It's possible that health professionals have few knowledge about information management, which generated confusion, fear and uncertainty among the pregnant women about the adverse effects on the newborns. Conclusions: Findings suggest deficiencies in the technical quality of the prenatal care provided, particularly in the region that was endemic for vector-borne diseases. Reproductive health services and the technical quality of prenatal care need to be strengthened, especially during a sanitary crisis.

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de la atención prenatal durante la epidemia de Zika en regiones endémicas y no endémicas de infecciones trasmitidas por vectores en Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de la atención prenatal complementado con entrevistas, con el fin de explorar experiencias personales durante la epidemia. Participaron 40 gestantes en zona endémica y 44 en no endémicas. La información recolectada incluyó embarazos previos, razones para iniciar control prenatal, información sobre Zika, control prenatal (actividades de médicos, enfermeras, laboratorios e imágenes) y percepción de calidad. Luego se realizaron 8 entrevistas a gestantes con diagnóstico de Zika. Se interrogó sobre conocimiento del Zika y calidad de los servicios de atención médica. Resultados: Se encontraron problemas con laboratorios e imágenes diagnósticas en ambas regiones y trato deshumanizado en la región endémica. Las gestantes en la región endémica recibieron noticias y comunicados sobre los efectos de Zika durante el embarazo, lo que causó ansiedad y miedo en algunas mujeres. La calidad de la atención medica no era la deseada y pensaron que recibirían mejor atención de médicos y enfermeras. Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos demuestran educación deficiente en las instituciones de salud. La experiencia durante el control prenatal en las regiones endémicas fue imprecisa y venía de fuentes diferentes al sector salud. Además, el soporte y seguimiento fue deficiente. Es probable que el personal de salud tenga poco conocimiento sobre cómo manejar la información, lo cual generó confusión, miedo e incertidumbre entre las gestantes sobre los efectos adversos en los bebes. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren deficiencia en la calidad técnica de la atención prenatal, particularmente en la región endémica. Es necesario fortalecer los servicios de salud reproductiva y la calidad técnica de la atención prenatal, especialmente durante crisis sanitaria.

Preparación y enfrentamiento a la pandemia de la COVID-19

Los desastres sanitarios han afectado la humanidad desde sus albores. En otras epidemias, las bajas causadas se contabilizan por cientos de miles. La preparación para el enfrentamiento a la epidemia de la COVID-19 en el hospital Militar de Matanzas, "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", comenzó tempranamente. Con el objetivo de analizar esa experiencia, se reflexiona sobre los resultados del enfrentamiento en el año 2020, a partir de los principales aspectos, las coordinaciones con otros organismos, las decisiones tomadas, cambios estructurales y modificaciones de procesos institucionales. Consolidar la superación científica ha sido un pilar permanente, junto con la disciplina, la responsabilidad personal y social de los miembros del colectivo.

Health disasters have affected humanity since its dawn. In other epidemics, the casualties caused number in the hundreds of thousands. The preparation for confronting the COVID-19 epidemic at the Military Hospital of Matanzas, "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", began early. In order to analyze this experience, we reflect on the results of the confrontation in 2020, based on the main aspects, the coordination with other organizations, the decisions made, structural changes and modifications of institutional processes. Consolidating scientific improvement has been a permanent pillar, along with discipline, personal and social responsibility of the members of the collective.

Directrices en torno a las epidemias en México. Perspectiva histórica / Guidelines on epidemics in Mexico. Historical perspective

Resumen Se ofrece una perspectiva de las epidemias y pandemias en México en tres periodos: fines del siglo XVIII y siglos XX y XXI, con el fin de analizar cómo las autoridades sanitarias y gubernamentales abordaron estos problemas, así como los desafíos que han representado. Se consultaron fuentes históricas documentales y, en los casos actuales, la participación en ellos. Se combinó metodología epidemiológica e histórica social. La presencia de las epidemias en México es una constante, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de actualizar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, de estar preparados para enfrentar una epidemia y de elaborar un plan de contingencia.

Abstract A perspective of epidemics and pandemics in Mexico is offered, focusing on three time periods, namely, end of the 18th century, the 20th century, and the 21st century, in order to analyze how they were approached by health and government authorities, as well as the challenges they have represented. Historical documentary sources were consulted and, in current cases, participation in them was analyzed. Epidemiological and social historical methodologies were combined. The presence of epidemics in Mexico is a constant on its evolution, which highlights the need for the epidemiological surveillance system to be updated, the importance of being prepared to face an epidemic and to develop a contingency plan.

Cuando el presente puede ayudar a refinar las interpretaciones del pasado: covid-19 en tiempo real y la historiografía de las epidemias / When the present can help refine interpretations of the past: covid-19 in real time and the historiography of epidemics

Resumen Estas notas abordan la proliferación de discursos con enfoques improvisados, desinformados, apocalípticos y voluntaristas. Enfatizan cuestiones como la ignorancia sobre la historia de las epidemias, y también la incapacidad para lidiar con las incertidumbres que reinan durante las pandemias, así como los anuncios que este extraordinario evento sanitario produciría un profundo parteaguas en todos los órdenes de la vida y en todos los rincones del mundo. Finalmente, estas notas buscan señalar cómo el presente puede iluminar el estudio del pasado - o, de modo más personal, lo que creo haber aprendido como historiador en los tiempos de la pandemia de la covid-19.

Abstract These notes address the proliferation of discourses with improvised, uninformed, apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches. They emphasize issues such as the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics, and the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times, as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world. Finally, these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past - or, more personally, what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the covid-19 pandemic.

Tudo pela hora da morte! História, epidemias e desigualdades / Everything for an arm and a leg! History, epidemics, and inequalities

Resumo Assentado na interlocução entre os campos da História e da Saúde Coletiva e provocado pela historicidade do tempo presente, este artigo propõe avanços epistêmicos na discussão sobre o término das epidemias. Para tanto, se vale de operação historiográfica em vasto corpo documental, para apontar os impactos decorrentes da Gripe Espanhola de 1918 em Botucatu, cidade do interior paulista, na perspectiva do aprofundamento das desigualdades presentes nesta localidade nas décadas subsequentes à epidemia. Conclui apontando que, para além dos efeitos imediatos provocados pelo fenômeno epidêmico, ao arrefecer na dimensão biológica, a epidemia de Gripe Espanhola seguiu seu curso, alterando condicionantes sociais e culturais, bem como incidindo sobre estruturas sócio-históricas e em nossa corporeidade, tornando-se acontecimento histórico de longa duração. Desta forma, pode-se depreender que a compreensão das forças históricas que operam nos avanços e recuos em Saúde Coletiva podem alavancar enfrentamentos concretos às iniquidades, junto à retomada de um projeto civilizatório de transformação social no país, assentado na democracia, na justiça social e na defesa radical da vida.

Abstract Based on the dialogue between the fields of History and Public Health and provoked by the historicity of the present time, this article proposes epistemic advances in the discussion about the end of epidemics. To that end, it uses a historiographical operation in a vast body of documents, to point out the impacts resulting from the Spanish Flu of 1918 in Botucatu, a city in the interior of São Paulo, from the perspective of the deepening of inequalities in this locality in the decades following the epidemic. It concludes by pointing out that, in addition to the immediate effects caused by the epidemic phenomenon, when the Spanish Flu epidemic cooled down in the biological dimension, it followed its course, altering social and cultural conditions and affecting socio-historical structures and our corporeality, becoming a long-term historical event. Thus, we can infer that understanding the historical forces that operate in the advances and setbacks in Public Health can leverage concrete confrontations with inequities, along with the resumption of a civilizing project of social transformation in the country, based on democracy, social justice, and the radical defense of life.

Legado da epidemia de Zika vírus: o impacto da associação causal para além da ciência de laboratório / Zika virus epidemic legacy: the impact of causal association beyond laboratory science

Resumo Passados mais de quatro anos da epidemia de Zika vírus, tem-se a tarefa de continuar a investigar o seu legado. Aqui, descreve-se o impacto da associação causal entre o Zika vírus e as alterações observadas em fetos e bebês, uma busca que marcou a pauta dos cientistas e da imprensa entre 2015 e 2017. Por meio dos estudos Sociais de Ciência e Tecnologia, que vê o fato científico como coproduzido pela ciência e pela sociedade, realizamos 17 entrevistas semiestruturadas entre cientistas, gestores, professionais de saúde e famílias de crianças em oito cidades brasileiras. Vê-se que a causalidade teve impacto parcial e dúbio na organização dos serviços - com a sobreposição entre vigilância e atenção, gerando, inicialmente, assimetrias no Sistema Único de Saúde. Entre as famílias e profissionais de saúde, nota-se demandas por pesquisas de intervenções e de cuidado, consideradas como não sendo prioridade entre os cientistas. Já entre os pesquisadores, observa-se distanciamento entre estudo e enfrentamento, com o social sendo constituído por demandas não integradas ao campo científico. Para que demandas sociais encontrem fluxo no fazer científico, sugere-se para crises futuras de saúde pública a multiplicação do número de perguntas da ciência e a maior diversidade dos desenhos de pesquisa.

Abstract More than four years after the Zika virus epidemic, we are left with the task of investigating its legacy. Here, we describe the impact of the causal association between the Zika virus and the abnormalities seen in fetuses, a search that marked the scientific and press agenda at the time. By using the Social Studies of Science and Technology, which establishes the scientific fact as co-produced by science and society, we carried out 17 semi-structured interviews between scientists, managers, health professionals and families of the children in eight Brazilian cities. We observed that causality had a partial and dubious impact on the organization of services - with the overlap between surveillance and care initially generating asymmetries in the Brazilian Unified Health System. Between families and health professionals, there are demands for research on interventions and care, considered as not being prioritized among scientists. Among the researchers, we notice a gap between study and coping, with the social being constituted by demands that are not integrated into the scientific field. For future public health crises, we point to multiplying the number of research questions and study designs, so that social demands find flow in scientific doing.

Entomological Reference Collection: 85 years of contributions to public health / Coleção Entomológica de Referência: 85 anos de contribuições à saúde pública

ABSTRACT The Department of Hygiene of the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo (FMUSP), organized with the support of the Rockefeller Foundation, became the Institute of Hygiene, with the inaugural class taught by Samuel Darling in 1918. The history of Public Health Entomology is mixed with that of the Institute itself, which became the Faculty of Hygiene and Public Health in 1945. Still in the 1930s, Paulo César de Azevedo Antunes and John Lane organized Public Health Entomology within the Medical Parasitology area of the then Institute of Hygiene. During this period, the entomology laboratory came to be recognized for its research in the systematics of hematophagous insects, as well as in the ecology, biology and behavior of vectors. The Entomological Reference Collection (CER) originated naturally from the research of Paulo César Antunes and John Lane and is a national and international heritage covering primary and secondary types of insect species that are of interest to public health. Over the years, it has been consolidated with the efforts of Augusto Ayroza Galvão, Renato Corrêa, José Coutinho, Nelson Cerqueira, Ernesto Rabello, Oswaldo Forattini and others. In its over eighty years of activities, CER has enabled the training of several scientists able to act in programs of surveillance and control of endemic diseases associated with insect vectors throughout Latin America, in addition to training taxonomists focused on insects of interest in Public Health. Researchers from other Brazilian institutes and abroad joined the entomology laboratory because of its importance and the research developed in it. The growing scientific production made it possible for entomological studies developed at the Faculty of Public Health (FSP) to gain international visibility, contributing to the development of disease prevention and epidemic control actions in the country.

RESUMO O Departamento de Higiene da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo (FMUSP), organizado com o apoio da Fundação Rockefeller, tornou-se o Instituto de Higiene, tendo a aula inaugural ministrada por Samuel Darling em 1918. A história da Entomologia de Saúde Pública confunde-se com a do próprio Instituto, que passou a ser a Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública em 1945. Ainda na década de 1930, Paulo César de Azevedo Antunes e John Lane começam a organizar a Entomologia de Saúde Pública dentro da Parasitologia Médica, do então Instituto de Higiene. Durante esse período o laboratório de entomologia passou a ser reconhecido por suas pesquisas em sistemática de insetos hematófagos, bem como na ecologia, biologia e comportamento de vetores. A Coleção Entomológica de Referência (CER) originou-se naturalmente das pesquisas de Paulo César Antunes e John Lane e é um patrimônio nacional e internacional abrangendo tipos primários e secundários de espécies de insetos que apresentam interesse à saúde pública. No decorrer dos anos, consolidou-se com os esforços de Augusto Ayroza Galvão, Renato Corrêa, José Coutinho, Nelson Cerqueira, Ernesto Rabello, Oswaldo Forattini e outros. Em seus mais de oitenta anos de atividades, a CER possibilitou a formação de diversos cientistas aptos a atuar em programas de vigilância e controle de endemias associadas aos insetos vetores em toda a América Latina, além de formar taxonomistas voltados aos insetos de interesse em Saúde Pública. Pesquisadores de outros institutos brasileiros e do exterior juntaram-se ao laboratório de entomologia por conta de sua importância e das pesquisas nele desenvolvidas. A produção científica crescente possibilitou aos estudos entomológicos desenvolvidos na Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP) adquirirem uma visibilidade internacional, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento das ações de prevenções de doenças e controle de epidemias no país.

Pandemias y epidemias ocasionadas por agentes biológicos: un gran azote para la humanidad

Introducción: Las pandemias y epidemias son acontecimientos mundiales de la sociedad humana, que expresan gran catástrofe y desolación, acompañadas de elevada letalidad y repercusión marcada en los servicios de salud. Han diezmado sociedades, de forma similar a las guerras, pero contribuyen al surgimiento de avances en las ciencias. Objetivo: Describir las características y peculiaridades de las pandemias y epidemias ocurridas en diferentes épocas de la historia, en el contexto de la salud pública y su gran repercusión social. Métodos: Se utilizaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar, sitios web de la OMS y la OPS, además de otras fuentes y recursos de información disponibles en Internet a las cuales se accedieron por medio del buscador web de Google. En la elaboración de la estrategia de búsqueda se utilizó el vocabulario controlado de los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud. Los términos utilizados fueron: pandemia, epidemia, plaga, peste, vacuna. Se recuperaron 40 artículos y documentos científicos que se seleccionaron dada su pertinencia para la investigación. Conclusiones: Las pandemias y epidemias requieren medidas de promoción de salud que estimulen un adecuado saneamiento ambiental, la disponibilidad del agua potable, correcto lavado de las manos, así como prevenir la expansión del contagio y la disminución de los riesgos que implican el cambio climático, la falta de control de los vectores y la pobreza entre otras, para contribuir a disminuir la morbi-mortalidad. La carencia de estrategias preventivas, obliga a desarrollar centros especializados para producir vacunas, que garanticen la protección específica de poblaciones susceptibles.

Introduction: Pandemics and epidemics are global events in human society, which express great catastrophe and desolation, accompanied by high lethality and marked repercussions on health services. They have decimated societies, similar to wars, but they contribute to the emergence of advances in the sciences. Objective: To describe the characteristics and peculiarities of pandemics and epidemics that occurred at different times in history, in the context of public health and its great social impact. Methods: The SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar databases, WHO and PAHO websites and other sources and information resources available on the Internet were used, which were accessed through the Google web browser. In the elaboration of the search strategy, the controlled vocabulary of the Descriptors in Health Sciences was used. The terms used were: pandemic, epidemic, rinderpest, plague, vaccine. 40 scientific articles and documents were retrieved and selected given their relevance for the investigation. Conclusions: Pandemics and epidemics require health promotion measures that stimulate adequate environmental sanitation, the availability of drinking water, correct hand washing, as well as preventing the spread of contagion and reducing the risks implied by climate change, lack of vector control and poverty among others, to contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality. The lack of preventive strategies forces the development of specialized centers to produce vaccines that guarantee the specific protection of susceptible populations.

Rastros epidêmicos nas fímbrias da dor: a memória da gripe espanhola na perspectiva da história local, Botucatu (SP), 1918 / Traces of epidemics in the fringes of pain: memory of Spanish flu from a local history perspective, Botucatu (São Paulo state), 1918

Resumo O artigo perscruta sob a perspectiva da história local de que forma a memória do sofrimento que cercou a epidemia de gripe espanhola de 1918 em Botucatu (interior paulista) foi reconvocada, tensionada e transmutada ao longo do processo histórico, produzindo representações em estratégias e práticas, e apreensões como constituintes de uma realidade social que produz sentidos. Para essa operação historiográfica, coligiram-se vestígios históricos em diversos arquivos botucatuenses, entre setembro e outubro de 2021, buscando desvelar processos históricos aglutinados e depositados entre as fibras e fímbrias sociais e que, sob afecção da temporalidade, se movimentam, se reelaboram e trazem à tona a inefável marca da gripe espanhola.

Abstract This article takes a local history perspective to scrutinize how the memory of suffering that surrounded the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918 in Botucatu, São Paulo state, has been evoked, challenged, and transmuted over time, producing representations in strategies and practices, and understandings that end up constituting a meaning-making social reality. In this historiographic endeavor, historical vestiges were brought together from a variety of the city's archives between September and October 2021 in a bid to reveal the historical processes that were accreted and deposited in the social fabric and fibers, and which, under the processes of time, were changed and reworked, bringing forth the ineffable mark of Spanish flu.

Home exercise and post-pandemic risk management / Exercício físico doméstico e gerenciamento de riscos pós-pandemia / Ejercicio en casa y gestión de riesgos en la postpandemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Post-pandemic has made people increase their search for preventive health. Even in limited places, there is also a need to perform the proper physical exercise to improve fitness and promote health. Objective: Research the mode of home exercise and study the risk management of such exercise. Methods: According to the perspective of home exercise, this paper analyzes the benefits and methods of exercise, to call everyone to enhance exercise in the post-pandemic. Results: After testing, this method can improve physical quality, relieve anxiety, promote physical and mental health, strengthen sports cognition, and promote the harmonious development of society. Conclusion: Physical exercise can give us a good quality of life; the greatest success is living healthily. This epidemic has made society more aware of the value of sports and their importance to health. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O pós-pandemia fez as pessoas aumentarem a busca pela saúde preventiva. Mesmo em lugares limitados, também há a necessidade de realizar exercícios físicos adequados para melhorar o estado físico e promover a saúde. Objetivo: Pesquisar o modo de exercícios físicos domésticos e estudar o gerenciamento de riscos desse tipo de exercícios. Métodos: Segundo a perspectiva do exercício em casa, este artigo analisa os benefícios e métodos de exercício, com o objetivo de chamar a todos para aprimorar o exercício físico no pós-pandemia. Resultados: Após os testes, este método pode melhorar a qualidade física, aliviar a ansiedade, promover a saúde física e mental, fortalecer a cognição esportiva e promover o desenvolvimento harmonioso da sociedade. Conclusão: O exercício físico pode nos fazer ter uma boa qualidade de vida, sendo o maior sucesso viver saudavelmente. Esta epidemia tornou a sociedade mais consciente do valor esportivo e de sua importância para a saúde. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La postpandemia ha hecho que la gente aumente su búsqueda de salud preventiva. Incluso en lugares limitados, también es necesario realizar un ejercicio físico adecuado para mejorar la forma física y promover la salud. Objetivo: Investigar la modalidad de ejercicio en casa y estudiar la gestión de riesgos de dicho ejercicio. Métodos: De acuerdo con la perspectiva del ejercicio en casa, este trabajo analiza los beneficios y los métodos del ejercicio, con el objetivo de llamar a todos a potenciar el ejercicio físico en la postpandemia. Resultados: Tras las pruebas, este método puede mejorar la calidad física, aliviar la ansiedad, promover la salud física y mental, fortalecer la cognición deportiva y promover el desarrollo armonioso de la sociedad. Conclusión: El ejercicio físico puede hacer que tengamos una buena calidad de vida, y el mayor éxito es vivir de forma saludable. Esta epidemia ha hecho que la sociedad sea más consciente del valor del deporte y de su importancia para la salud. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Exploring key-stakeholder perceptions on non-communicable disease care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya

Introduction: over one third of total Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years lost in Kenya are due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). In response, the Government declared significant commitment towards improving NCD care. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the burden on the already overstretched health systems in Kenya. The aims of this study are to assess whether health care providers perceived NCD care to be optimal during the pandemic and explore how to improve responses to future emergencies. Methods: this cross-sectional online survey included healthcare personnel with non-clinical roles (public health workers and policy-makers) and those delivering health care (doctors and nurses). Respondents were recruited between May and September 2021 by random sampling, completed by snowball sampling. Results: among 236 participants (42% in clinical, 58% in non-clinical roles) there was an overall consensus between respondents on NCD care being disrupted and compromised during the pandemic in Kenya. Detracted supplies, funding, and technical resources affected the continuity of NCDs response, despite government efforts. Respondents agreed that the enhanced personnel capacity and competencies to manage COVID-19 patients were positive, but noted a lack of guidance for redirecting care for chronic diseases, and advocated for digital innovation as a solution. Conclusion: this paper explores the perceptions of key stakeholders involved in the management of NCDs in Kenya to improve planning for future emergency responses. Gaps were identified in health system response and preparedness capacity during the pandemic including the perceived need to strengthen NCD services, with solutions offered to guide resilience efforts to protect the health system from disruption.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and individual experiences of illness in men with COVID-19: mixed method study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, studies have shown that this disease has affected the male population on a significant scale in various parts of the world, making men one of the main risk groups. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and experiences of illness in men with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: A mixed sequential-explanatory study with cross-sectional and exploratory-descriptive approaches. METHOD: Data was collected from a small municipality located in the central-north region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Primary quantitative data was extracted from compulsory notification forms from 598 men. Qualitative data from individual interviews of 30 men was analyzed by the Discourse of the Collective Subject method. RESULTS: The findings identified the characterization of reports of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in men, the organization of the healthcare system, and strategies for the control and combat of COVID-19 directed towards the men of the investigated municipality. They revealed the clinical characteristics based on the collective discourse of men with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: In men, the individual experience of disease explicitly explains the clinical markers of COVID-19 expressed by the self-reported syndromic approach. Additionally, this understanding also explains the behaviors observed in their search for health care, as well as the adoption of prevention and control measures and therapies recommended by health professionals.

Vacina e vacinação antivariólica na Bahia oitocentista / Vaccine and smallpox vaccination in nineteenth century Bahia

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é discutir as percepções e ações do poder público sobre o processo de introdução, produção, conservação, distribuição e aplicação da vacina contra a varíola, o surgimento de instituições ligadas à vacina e à vacinação e seus principais entraves na Bahia do século XIX. O artigo enfatiza a dinâmica local e regional desse processo e aborda o problema da varíola na Bahia colonial, a chegada da vacina jenneriana, a difusão do método de vacinação, a constituição de instituições de saúde e as medidas de controle da doença implantadas a partir de 1808. No contexto do pós-independência e do Brasil Imperial, aborda os surtos de varíola e discute os problemas da vacina e da vacinação relacionados pelos presidentes da província da Bahia e os esforços locais para introduzir a vacina animal. O artigo se baseia em fontes primárias impressas publicadas na Bahia no século XIX e no diálogo com a literatura especializada.

Abstract This article aims to discuss the perceptions and actions of public authorities regarding the process of introduction, production, conservation, distribution, and application of the smallpox vaccine; the emergence of institutions associated with the vaccine and vaccination; and its main obstacles in Bahia in the nineteenth century. The article emphasizes the local and regional dynamics of this process. It addresses the problem of smallpox in colonial Bahia, the arrival of the Jennerian vaccine, the diffusion of the vaccination method, the establishment of health institutions, and the disease control measures implemented as of 1808. In the context of the post-independence and Imperial Brazil, this article addresses smallpox outbreaks and discusses the problems related to vaccine and vaccination listed by the governors of the province of Bahia and local efforts to introduce the animal vaccine. This article is based on printed primary sources published in Bahia in the nineteenth century, as well as through dialogues with specialized literature.

Disputas epistemológicas na associação causal entre Zika vírus e síndrome congênita: uma análise de controvérsia / Epistemological disputes in the causal link between Zika virus and congenital syndrome: a controversy analysis

Resumo Um aumento de más-formações em crianças em 2015 no Brasil é associado ao vírus Zika que circulara meses antes, deixando disputas que ainda possui ecos. Usando elementos de um campo das ciências sociais que se dedica ao mapeamento de controvérsias científicas, este trabalho realizou 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas com pesquisadores e gestores envolvidos na associação causal. Investigou-se como esses atores observam o papel de condicionantes sociais no desfecho da Síndrome Congênita por Vírus Zika (SCZ) e os caminhos trilhados para mitigá-los após a epidemia. Há uma preocupação de todos com variáveis sociais e sua relevância no desfecho da SCZ, com uma decepção generalizada sobre o encaminhamento dessas questões após o pico de casos, mas esses fatores não entraram em uma narrativa mais central sobre a causalidade. Nota-se também disputas epistêmicas sobre esse desfecho. Uns atrelam à responsabilidade ao poder público ou se resignam com o resultado; outros cobram posturas ativas de pesquisadores que participaram de centros do poder, com divergências sobre o posicionamento da ciência. O artigo pontua a necessidade de ciências reflexivas que atentem para sua agência no mundo, bem como para articulações de narrativas interdisciplinares e multicausais para crises de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract An increase in child malformations in 2015 in Brazil is associated with a Zika virus spread months earlier, leaving disputes that still echo. Using elements from a sociology field dedicated to scientific controversy mapping, the present study conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with researchers and administrators involved in this causal association. Our work investigated how actors from different areas observe the role of social conditions in the outcome of the Congenital Zika Syndrome (SCZ) and the paths taken to mitigate them after the epidemic. Concern with social variables and their relevance in the SCZ outcome was observed, with a widespread disappointment about the referral of these issues after the case's peak; however, these factors have not entered the core narrative about causality. There are epistemic disputes about this outcome. Some attach responsibility to the public power or resign themselves to the result; others demand more active positions from researchers who had access to the decision-making process, with disagreements about the positioning of science. The article points out the need for reflective sciences that dialogue with their agency on the phenomena, as well as for interdisciplinary and multicausal articulations for public narratives on public health crises in Brazil.

Historia en tiempos pandémicos: covid-19 en Latinoamérica / History in pandemic times: covid-19 in Latin America

Resumen Teniendo como marco la trágica presencia de covid-19, historiadores de México, Argentina y Brasil realizan reflexiones en este texto sobre el contexto de la pandemia, así como su relación con precariedades sanitarias institucionales, estigmas persistentes y desigualdades sociales pasadas. Sus intervenciones son un registro preliminar del impacto de la pandemia en sus países. Están basadas en intervenciones presentadas en la mesa "História em tempos pandêmicos: reflexões sobre um ano de crises", realizada en junio de 2021, moderada por Marcos Cueto y organizada por el Departamento de Pesquisa em História das Ciências e da Saúde de la Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz.

Abstract Having as a framework the tragic presence of covid-19, historians from Mexico, Argentina and Brazil reflect in this text on the context of the pandemic as well as its relationship with institutional sanitary precariousness, persistent stigmas and past social inequalities. Their interventions are a preliminary record of the impact of the pandemic on their countries. They are based on interventions presented at the session "História em tempos pandêmicos: reflexões sobre um ano de crises", held in June 2021, moderated by Marcos Cueto and organized by the Departamento de Pesquisa em História das Ciências e da Saúde of the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz.

Covid-19, the Chinese diaspora, and the enduring legacy of racism in Peru / Covid-19, a diáspora chinesa e o legado duradouro do racismo no Peru

Abstract The coronavirus pandemic has exposed a global tendency throughout history to blame immigrants for propagating epidemics. Chinese individuals were thus targeted during past public health crises in Peru, but during the current coronavirus pandemic racist notions painting people of Chinese descent as "agents of contagion" diminished significantly. Here we examine three major epidemics (yellow fever, the bubonic plague, and covid-19) to demonstrate the current and somewhat surprising shift in negative attitudes toward the Chinese community. Peruvians' refusal to embrace derogatory terms (the "Chinese virus") or target individuals of Asian descent constitutes an intriguing case at a moment when xenophobic discourse is rampant in the Western hemisphere.

Resumo A pandemia do coronavírus expôs uma tendência mundial ao longo da história de culpar imigrantes pela propagação de epidemias. No Peru, os chineses sofreram preconceito racial durante crises de saúde pública anteriores. Surpreendentemente, a ideia de que os descendentes de chineses são "agentes de contágio" diminuiu significativamente durante a atual pandemia. Examinaremos aqui três grandes epidemias (febre amarela, peste bubônica e covid-19), a fim de demonstrar a atual mudança nas atitudes negativas em relação à comunidade chinesa. A recusa dos peruanos de adotar termos depreciativos (o "vírus chinês") ou visar indivíduos de ascendência asiática é algo intrigante em tempos de completa disseminação de discurso xenofóbico no hemisfério ocidental.

Caracterización del dengue en el área de internados del Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital de Clínicas

RESUMEN El dengue es una patología endémica en varios países de África, Asia y Sudamérica, especialmente del área del Cono Sur. A pesar de que generalmente afecta mayormente a los adultos, en nuestro país la epidemia no dejó de afectar a los niños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir características clínico - epidemiológicas de los pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados por dengue en la Cátedra de Pediatría, en el periodo comprendido entre octubre del 2019 a marzo de 2020. Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, de corte transversal, en el que se incluyeron pacientes de 0 a 17 años con el diagnóstico probable dengue o confirmado. El reclutamiento de la muestra se realizó en forma no probabilística por conveniencia en base al total de pacientes que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión. Los datos obtenidos fueron obtenidos de las historias clínicas de los pacientes que reunían los criterios de inclusión e introducidos a una base de datos del programa Excel ® de Microsoft Office 2007 y se trasladaron al paquete estadístico Stata v14. Fueron incluidos un total de 109 pacientes, 60 (55%) fueron de sexo femenino y 49 (45%) de sexo masculino con un promedio de edad de 9 años. El síntoma más frecuente fue la fiebre 105 (98,1%), seguido de cefalea 35 (33%), náuseas y vómitos 33 (31,1%) y mialgias 25 (23,6%). El 46.29% (50/109) presentaron signos de alarma; siendo el signo más frecuente el dolor abdominal y siendo que el 66.7% (72/109) fueron casos del grupo B2. Al momento de su internación los pacientes se encontraban en su día 3,5 de enfermedad y permanecieron internados en promedio 3,98 días. Durante la internación 33 (31,3%) pacientes requirieron expansiones. En cuanto a los hallazgos laboratoriales, el hematocrito al ingreso fue de 40,3±7, los leucocitos fueron en promedio de 5.573±3.862 y plaquetas de 187.054±100.649. La plaquetopenia ≤100.000 fue significativamente más frecuente en los pacientes con signos de alarma (p: 0,02 OR: 3,73 IC: 1,02 - 13,88). La letargia fue significativamente más frecuente en los pacientes con comorbilidades (p: 0,02. OR: 5,64 IC: 1,05 - 44,02). La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron buena evolución y fueron dados de alta y solo uno (0,91%) obitó. Los casos de dengue en pacientes hospitalizados fueron más frecuentes en el grupo de adolescentes y en el sexo femenino. La mayoría fueron del grupo B2, siendo el síntoma más frecuente la fiebre y entre los signos de alarma lo más frecuente fue el dolor abdominal. La mayoría de los pacientes acudieron a consultar en el día 4 de inicio de los síntomas y la duración promedio de las internaciones fue cercana a los 3 días, con una letalidad de 0,9%.

ABSTRACT Dengue is an endemic disease in several countries in Africa, Asia and South America, especially in the Southern Cone area. Although it generally affects mostly adults, in our country the epidemic did not stop affecting children. The objective of the present study was to describe clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients hospitalized for dengue in the Department of Pediatrics, in the period between October 2019 and March 2020. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out, in which patients aged 0 to 17 years with a probable or confirmed diagnosis of dengue were included. The sample was recruited in a non-probabilistic manner for convenience based on the total number of patients who met the inclusion criteria. The data were obtained from the medical records of the patients who met the inclusion criteria and entered into a database of the Microsoft Office 2007 Excel ® program and transferred to the statistical package Stata v14. A total of 109 patients were included, 60 (55%) were female and 49 (45%) male with a mean age of 9 years. The most frequent symptom was fever 105 (98.1%), followed by headache 35 (33%), nausea and vomiting 33 (31.1%) and myalgia 25 (23.6%). 46.29% (50/109) presented warning signs; abdominal pain being the most frequent sign and 66.7% (72/109) were cases of severe dengue. At the time of hospitalization, the patients were on their 3.5th day of illness and remained hospitalized for an average of 3.98 days. During hospitalization, 33 (31.3%) patients required expansions. Regarding the laboratory findings, the hematocrit at admission was 40.3±7, leukocytes were on average 5,573±3,862 and platelets 187,054±100,649. Platetopenia ≤100,000 was significantly more frequent in patients with warning signs (p: 0.02 OR: 3.73 CI: 1.02 - 13.88). Lethargy was significantly more frequent in patients with comorbidities (p: 0.02. OR: 5.64 CI: 1.05 - 44.02). Most of the patients had a good evolution and were discharged and only one (0.91%) died. The cases of dengue in hospitalized patients were more frequent in the group of adolescents and in the female sex. Most were from group B2, the most frequent symptom being fever and among the alarm signs the most frequent was abdominal pain. Most of the patients attended the clinic on day 4 of the onset of symptoms and the average duration of hospitalization was close to 3 days, with a case fatality rate of 0.9%.